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Code Cells

Code, Output, Streams

An empty code cell:

Two empty lines:

In [1]:


Leading/trailing empty lines:

In [1]:


# 2 empty lines before, 1 after

A simple output:

In [2]:
6 * 7
Out[2]:
42

The standard output stream:

In [3]:
print('Hello, world!')
Hello, world!

Normal output + standard output

In [4]:
print('Hello, world!')
6 * 7
Hello, world!
Out[4]:
42

The standard error stream is highlighted and displayed just below the code cell. The standard output stream comes afterwards (with no special highlighting). Finally, the “normal” output is displayed.

In [5]:
import sys

print("I'll appear on the standard error stream", file=sys.stderr)
print("I'll appear on the standard output stream")
"I'm the 'normal' output"
I'll appear on the standard output stream
I'll appear on the standard error stream
Out[5]:
"I'm the 'normal' output"

Cell Magics

IPython can handle code in other languages by means of cell magics:

In [6]:
%%bash
for i in 1 2 3
do
    echo $i
done
1
2
3

Special Display Formats

See IPython example notebook.

TODO: tables? e.g. Pandas DataFrame?

In [7]:
from IPython.display import display

Local Image Files

In [8]:
from IPython.display import Image
i = Image(filename='images/notebook_icon.png')
i
Out[8]:
_images/code-cells_19_0.png
In [9]:
display(i)
_images/code-cells_20_0.png

For some reason this doesn’t work with Image(...):

In [10]:
from IPython.display import SVG
SVG(filename='images/python_logo.svg')
Out[10]:
_images/code-cells_22_0.svg

Image URLs

In [11]:
Image(url='https://www.python.org/static/img/python-logo-large.png')
Out[11]:
In [12]:
Image(url='https://www.python.org/static/img/python-logo-large.png', embed=True)
Out[12]:
_images/code-cells_25_0.png
In [13]:
Image(url='http://jupyter.org/assets/nav_logo.svg')
Out[13]:
In [14]:
Image(url='https://www.python.org/static/favicon.ico')
Out[14]:
In [15]:
Image(url='http://python.org/images/python-logo.gif')
Out[15]:

Math

In [16]:
from IPython.display import Math
eq = Math(r"\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) \delta(x - x_0) dx = f(x_0)")
eq
Out[16]:
$$\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) \delta(x - x_0) dx = f(x_0)$$
In [17]:
display(eq)
$$\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) \delta(x - x_0) dx = f(x_0)$$
In [18]:
%%latex
\begin{equation}
\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) \delta(x - x_0) dx = f(x_0)
\end{equation}
\begin{equation} \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) \delta(x - x_0) dx = f(x_0) \end{equation}

YouTube Videos

In [19]:
from IPython.display import YouTubeVideo
YouTubeVideo('WAikxUGbomY')
Out[19]:

Arbitrary JavaScript Output (HTML only)

In [20]:
%%javascript

var text = document.createTextNode("Hello, I was generated with JavaScript!");
// Content appended to "element" will be visible in the output area:
element.appendChild(text);

Note:

jQuery should be available, but using the readthedocs.org default theme, it’s not. See the issue on Github. Other Sphinx themes are not affected by this.

Unsupported Output Types

If a code cell produces data with an unsupported MIME type, the Jupyter Notebook doesn’t generate any output. nbsphinx, however, shows a warning message.

In [21]:
display({
    'text/x-python': 'print("Hello, world!")',
    'text/x-haskell': 'main = putStrLn "Hello, world!"',
}, raw=True)
Data type cannot be displayed: text/x-haskell, text/x-python

ANSI Colors

The standard output and standard error streams may contain ANSI escape sequences to change the text and background colors.

In [22]:
print('BEWARE: \x1b[1;33;41mugly colors\x1b[m!', file=sys.stderr)
print('AB\x1b[43mCD\x1b[35mEF\x1b[1mGH\x1b[4mIJ\x1b[7m'
      'KL\x1b[49mMN\x1b[39mOP\x1b[22mQR\x1b[24mST\x1b[27mUV')
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV
BEWARE: ugly colors!

The following code showing the 8 basic ANSI colors is based on http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prompt-HOWTO/x329.html. Each of the 8 colors has an “intense” variation, which is used for bold text.

In [23]:
text = ' XYZ '
formatstring = '\x1b[{}m' + text + '\x1b[m'

print(' ' * 6 + ' ' * len(text) +
      ''.join('{:^{}}'.format(bg, len(text)) for bg in range(40, 48)))
for fg in range(30, 38):
    for bold in False, True:
        fg_code = ('1;' if bold else '') + str(fg)
        print(' {:>4} '.format(fg_code) + formatstring.format(fg_code) +
              ''.join(formatstring.format(fg_code + ';' + str(bg))
                      for bg in range(40, 48)))
            40   41   42   43   44   45   46   47
   30  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
 1;30  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
   31  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
 1;31  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
   32  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
 1;32  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
   33  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
 1;33  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
   34  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
 1;34  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
   35  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
 1;35  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
   36  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
 1;36  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
   37  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 
 1;37  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ  XYZ 

ANSI also supports a set of 256 indexed colors. The following code showing all of them is based on http://bitmote.com/index.php?post/2012/11/19/Using-ANSI-Color-Codes-to-Colorize-Your-Bash-Prompt-on-Linux.

In [24]:
formatstring = '\x1b[38;5;{0};48;5;{0}mX\x1b[1mX\x1b[m'

print('  + ' + ''.join('{:2}'.format(i) for i in range(36)))
print('  0 ' + ''.join(formatstring.format(i) for i in range(16)))
for i in range(7):
    i = i * 36 + 16
    print('{:3} '.format(i) + ''.join(formatstring.format(i + j)
                                      for j in range(36) if i + j < 256))
  +  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435
  0 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
 16 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
 52 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
 88 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
124 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
160 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
196 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
232 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

You can even use 24-bit RGB colors:

In [25]:
start = 255, 0, 0
end = 0, 0, 255
length = 79
out = []

for i in range(length):
    rgb = [start[c] + int(i * (end[c] - start[c]) / length) for c in range(3)]
    out.append('\x1b['
               '38;2;{rgb[2]};{rgb[1]};{rgb[0]};'
               '48;2;{rgb[0]};{rgb[1]};{rgb[2]}mX\x1b[m'.format(rgb=rgb))
print(''.join(out))
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX